不孕不育的危险因素
女性不孕的危险因素
Maternal age is probably the most significant factor related to a woman's ability to conceive. While many women today are waiting to become pregnant, 卵巢的生育能力正常, 健康的卵子随着年龄的增长而减少, increasing the risk of chromosomal abnormalities and unsuccessful implantation and 怀孕.
成功的可能性 怀孕 从30岁出头开始减少. 虽然这种下降最初是相当小的, 随着岁月流逝, the rate of decline in fertility increases and begins to rapidly accelerate around 37 to 38 years of age, 42岁以上急性跌倒.
因为母亲年龄的重要性, many doctors recommend that women over 35 should pursue a fertility evaluation after trying to conceive for six months. Couples under age 35 should consider evaluation if conception does not occur after trying for a year. A woman using donor insemination should ask her doctor about an infertility evaluation after six months.
其他因素,如 子宫内膜异位 or 子宫肌瘤, 还能对不孕症起作用吗, though many women with these conditions conceive healthy children without trouble.
Weight is another significant risk factor for women. Women who are overweight have decreased fertility and an increased risk for miscarriage. Additionally, very low body weight may be associated with infertility and miscarriage. 保持健康的体重是很重要的, 身体质量指数(BMI)在20到25之间, 还有健康的生活方式. 饮食和运动要避免极端.
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男性不育的危险因素
在过去的几十年中, concern has risen about the impact of industrialization on reproductive health. This concern stems largely from reports that show that semen quality of men in Europe and the United States has decreased over the latter half of the 20th century. Some environmental factors may be implicated in this semen quality decline that may affect reproductive health.
Exposure to environmental agents is thought to have a toxic effect on sperm quality, but the evidence behind most of these scientific claims is rather weak. This is because it is hard to actually demonstrate the cause-effect relationship of toxins to sperm quality. Human toxin studies are generally not well-controlled because of many variables that influence the findings. Most of the information we have is derived from animal studies and may not necessarily reflect a true effect that exists in the human condition.
The environmental toxins that are most often cited as potential contributors to infertility can be organized into physical, 化学, 职业和生活方式因素.
- 物理因素 may include hyperthermia (increased temperature), radiation and electromagnetic fields.
- 化学的原因 可能包括吸烟, 过量饮酒, 吸食大麻和可卡因, 过量摄入咖啡因.
- 职业危害 比如一些杀虫剂, 工业毒素,比如二恶英和多氯联苯, and exposure to heavy metals may also be linked to infertility.
- 生活方式因素 such as stress and nutrition can also play a role.
不幸的是, it is difficult to make recommendations on how to prevent exposure to many of these toxins because their sources are common, the exposure levels unclear and the populations at risk are difficult to define. 最近, the government has taken a keen interest in developing ways to precisely define these variables and therefore get a feel for the magnitude of the problem.
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加州大学旧金山分校健康 medical specialists have reviewed this information. It is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of your doctor or other health care provider. We encourage you to discuss any questions or concerns you may have with your provider.
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